Name Other Names Purpose Source Cadinene Pubchem A group of isomeric(similar formula, different chemical structure) hydrocarbons Synthetic flavor Synthesized, derived from Cade Juniper Caffeine Guaranine, methyltheobromine, Stimulant, Cognitive & physical performance booster, Extracted from coffee beans from coffee fruit Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides E364 Flavor enhancer, combination of guanylic(E626) & inosinic acid(E630), reduces use of added flavoring Guanylic acid & inosinic acdis are produced from meat and fish Calcium acetate E263, Caclium ethanoate, Acetate of lime Stabilizer, buffer & sequestrate(stabilizer) in candy Soaking calcium carbonate(egg shells), limestone, lime in vinegar Calcium alignate E404 Water insoluble, gelatinous & creamy substance used as thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier, insoluble artificial seeds Combining calcium chloride with sodium alignate, Alignate found in brown algae Calcium ascorbate E300, Vitamin C Anti-oxidant, nutrient Citrus fruits, small amounts in meats Calcium aluminosilicate Pubchem E556 Used in small amounts as an anti-caking agent in salt and vanilla powder Found as a mineral in anorthite Calcium benzoate Pubchem E213, Benzoic acid, calcium salt Used in soft drinks, concentrates, fruit juices, vinegar, bread and baked goods as a preservative and reduces microbial & yeast growth. Water hardness reducer. White crystalline powder, Synthetic, benzoates find in several fruits & herbs Calcium bisulfite E227 Acidic preservative, Firming/Reducing agent Synthetic Calcium carbonate Pubchem E170, Calcite, Lime, Limestone Marble, chalk, pearl, oyester Acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, stabilizer, color, firming agent and used in some milk alternatives to provide dietary calcium Mining or quarrying, synthesized, main component of shells of marine organisms, snails & eggs. Calcium chloride Pubchem E509, Calcium dichloride Highly soluble in water used as a firming agent in canned vegetables, tofu, caviar substitute. Electrolyte drinks, flavoring pickles, slow freezing of caramel in chocolate bars, brewing beer & cheesemaking as a coagulant Inorganic, synthesized or purification of brine Calcium citrate Pubchem E333, Tricaclium dicitrate Preservative & flavoring agent, calcium supplementation Produced during the isolation of citric acid, naturally found in citrus fruits Calcium diglutamate Pubchem E623, CDG, calcium gultamate Soluble flavor enhancer, similar to monosodium glutamate(MSG) without sodium Calcium salt of glutamic acid, natural amino acid, made by bacterial fermentation. Glutamates found in cheese, milk, tomatoes, sardines, soy Calcium ferrocyanide E538 Salt substitute, yellow crystals or crystalline powder, Food improvement agent Synthetic Calcium formate E238, Calcium methanoate Antimicrobial & anti-fungal food preservative used in sauces, gravies, dressings, drinks & baked goods Calcium salt of formic acid, found in stinging nettles and many insects such as ants and bees Calcium fumarate E367 Calcium booster in foods, acidity regulator, Calcium salt of fumaric acid, found in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen & Iceland moss Calcium gluconate E578 Firming agent, sequestrant & nutrient supplement for calcium Synthesized, calclium found naturally in dairy, vegetable, nuts and tofu Calcium guanylate Pubchem E629 Flavor enhancer, Calcium salt of guanylic acid, part of all cells in living organisms. Synthesized from yeast extract or sardines Calcium hydrogen sulfite E227, Calcium bisulfite Green fluid, reducing agent & preservative used in beer production, increase firmness of canned vegetables due to calcium Synthesized inorganic compound Calcium hydroxide E526, Slaked lime, caustic lime, slack lime, cal, pickling lime Clarifiation of raw juice from sugarcane or sugar beets, process water for alcohol & soft drinks, picking, removing cellulose from maize, clearning brine of carbonates to make salt, fortifying Calcium supplement, digestive aid, substitute for baking soda Synthesized when quicklime(calcium oxide) is mixed with wat Calcium inosinate E633 Flavor enhancer, reducing the need for salt and other flavors in a product Derived from peppercorn fruit Calcium lactate Pubchem E327 Firming agent, flavor enhancer, leavning agent, stabilizer, thickener, supplement. Added to sugar-free foods to prevent tooth decay, firming fresh fruits and spherification in molecular gastronomy Synthesized Calcium lactobionate Pubchem E399, Galactosylgluconic acid, Lactobionic acid Stabilizer, antioxidant or gelling in desserts, acidifier in fermented milk, non-dairy products, flavor enhancer and enhancing production of Synthesized from gluconic acid and galactose Calcium malates Pubchem E352 Thickening & flavoring agent used in ice-cream, friend products and marmalades Ref Calcium salts of malic acid, found in fruits Calcium oxide Pubchem E529, Quicklime, burnt lime Acid regulator, removing impurities in sugar refining, stabiliser in baked goods, manufacturing of sausage casing Synthesized, thermal decomposition of materials such as limestone or seashells Calcium pantothenate Pubchem E930, Calcium dioxide Water soluble essential nutrient used to fortify cereals, infant formulas, energy bars and dried foods Found in shiitake mushrooms, liver, kidney, egg yolks, sunflower seeds Calcium peroxide Pubchem E930, Calcium dioxide Used as a flour bleaching and improving agent, rarely used Synthetic Calcium phosphates Pubchem E341, Calcium salts of phosphoric acid Used in baking powder to improve bread texture, increases antioxidant activity, stabilizes canned vegetable texture, polishing material toothpaste, preventing clumps in powders Synthesized, normal part of the human body Calcium propionate Pubchem E282, Mycoban, calcium salt of propanoic acid Preservative in food such as bread, baked goods, processed meat, whey, dairy, mold inhibitor and fungicide on fruits Sytnehsized, produced by bacteria in large intestines Calcium silicate Pubchem E552, Belite, Grammite, Silene, calcium orthosilicate, Calsil White powder servers as an anticaking agent in table salt, antacid Synthesized from chalk Calcium sorbate Pubchem E203, Calcium salt of sorbic acid Fatty acid salt, preservative against fungi & yeasts in dairy and rye bread Banned in European Union Synthesized, sorbic acid found in fruit of rowan plant Calcium stearoyl lactylate Pubchem E482, CSL Cream colored powder used as emulsifier & stabiliser in yeast leavened bakery goods, liquid & frozen eggs, vegetable oil toppings, dehydrated potatoes, beverage mixes, confectionery, cereals, spirits, minces & canned meats, chewing gum, quick cook rice Synthetic Calcium sulfate Pubchem E516, Plaster of paris, drierite, gypsum White poorly soluble powder, Firming, leavening & sequestrant, Coagulant in tofu, permitted in cheese products, cereal flours, baked goods, frozen desserts, artificial sweeteners, condiments & candies Naturally occuring gypsum & anhydrite, quarried or mined Calcium sulfite Pubchem E226, Sulfurous acid, calcium salt of sulfite White powder used as antioxidant used in preserving wine, cider, fruit juice, canned fruit and vegetables, bleaching agent in sugar production Synthesized, sulfites occur in foods and the human body Calcium tartrate Pubchem E354, calcium L-tartrate, calcium salt of tartaric acid By product of wine production, fruit & fish preservative, acidity regulator, seaweed products Tartaric acid found in grapes or other fruits Camomile Pubchem Chamomile Used in beer making due to bitterness Daisy like plants of Asteraceae family Candelilla wax Pubchem E902 Glazing agent substitute for carnauba & beeswax Candelilla shrub found native to north Mexico & southwest USA Candle nut Pubchem Candleberry, Indian walnut, varnish tree, kemiri, Aleurites moluccanus Used in ethnic cuisines for sauces & condiments Seeds contain saponin and phorbol, mildly toxic when raw Ref Candelilla shrub found native to north Mexico & southwest USA Canola oil Pubchem Rapeseed oil Vegetable oil used in all forms of cooking and industrial productions of food Extracted from canola plant Canthaxanthin Pubchem E161g Coloring agent & fat soluble antioxidant added to trout, salmon and poultry feed. Not approved in Australia and New Zealand Pacific salmon, broiler meat & egg yolk Caper Pubchem Flinders rose, Capparis spinosa Seasoning or grarnish in mediterranean cuisine, pickled, used in tartar sauce, salads, meat dishes, pasta sauces and substitue for rennet in cheese making Caper bush Capsanthin Pubchem E160c(i) Red food coloring Red bell pepper, paprika Capsorubin Pubchem E160c(ii) Red food coloring Red bell pepper, paprika Carrageenan Pubchem E407, Carrageenins Found as Kappa, Iota & Lambda types and used as thickening, gelling and stabilizing agent in dairy & meat products Red edible seaweed Caraway Pubchem Meridian fennel, Persian cumin Spice used in breads, desserts, liquors, casserols, goulash, sauerkraut, caraway cake, scones. Flavor to cheeses and pastes. Caraway plant Carbamide Pubchem E927b, Urea Used in the process of fermenting sugars into ethanol Synthesized, produced in our body Carbon dioxide Pubchem E290, Carbonic oxide, dry ice(solid) Colorless gas used as a preservative, propellant and "popper" in hard candy, carbonated drinks. Dry ice used in winemaking for cooling grapes Trace gas found in earth's atmosphere Cardamom Pubchem Cardamon, cardamum Aromatic spice used in ethnic cuisines, treats, sweet bread, savory dishes, teas, aromatic bitters, gin and spice mixes Elettaria and Amomum plant family, found in Indian subcontinent & Indonesia Carmines Pubchem E120, Natural red 4, cochineal, NR4 Deep red color additive in yogurt, candy and juice Ref Aluminum salt of carminic acid, isolated from insects Dactylopius coccus Carmoisine Pubchem E124, Azorubine, Acid Red 14 Red coloring agent, soluble in water, used in salami, canned fruits, mixes and soups Not used in USA Synthetic Carnauba wax Pubchem E903, Brazil wax, palm wax Yellow flakes used as a glazing agent to add shine to sweets Synthetic Carob Pubchem Caroube, Locust bean pod, St. John's bread Carob pods are used in cakes and cookies as chocolate substitute, locust bean gum extracted is used as thickening agent and stabilizer, gluten substitute, gives jelly texture Carob pod extracted from carob tree Carotenes Pubchem Carotin, "carrot", Alpha, Beta & Gamma carotene Fat soluble coloring agents that give orange to yellow hue Synthesized by plants and algae, found in palm oil, corn and dairy Cassia Pubchem Chinese cassia, Chinese cinnamon Used as a spice, bark used as flavoring agent for desserts, pastries, meats, curry and confectionery Not recommended at higher doses in humans Chinese cassia tree Celery salt Pubchem Salt of celery Seasoning, making cocktails and hot dogs Mixture of ground celery seeds and salt Chervil Pubchem French parsley, garden chervil, leaves of joy Herb used in seasoning poultry, seafood, vegetables, soups and sauces, especially French cooking Plant of same name Chicory Pubchem Common chicory, blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, bunk, coffeeeweed, cornflower, wild endive Root used as coffee substitute, flavoring stouts & ales, leaves used in salads, extraction of inulin(dietary fiber & sweetener) Catalogna chicory, Radicchio, sugarloaf, Belgian endive Chili pepper Pubchem Chile, chilli Dried and crushed to make chili powder, seasoning, preserved or pickled, used to make pastes, several ethnic dishes and condiments. Leaves in soups kimchi and preservation Fruit of genus Capsicum of nightshade family Chili powder Pubchem Powdered chili Powdered forms of chili used alone as seasoning or to create blends with other spices and salts Powdered fruit of genus Capsicum of nightshade family Chives Pubchem Allium schoenoprasum Flavoring herb used in European cuisine, coups, fish, sandwiches and pancakes Plant of the same name Chlorine dioxide Pubchem E926, Chlorine(IV) oxide Yellow green gas, bread enhancer and leavening agent, bleaching agent for flour, rarely used Synthetic Chlorophyllin Pubchem E141, Copper phaeophytin, copper complex of chlorophyll Green food coloring agent, E141(i) is soluble in water, E141(ii) is soluble in oil Found in all plants and algae, extracted from nettles, grass and alfalfa Chocolate Brown HT Pubchem E155, Brown HT, Food Brown 3 Brown food dye substitute for cocoa and caramel, used in cakes, milk, cheese, yogurts, jams, fruit products, and meat Approved in the European Union. Banned in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA Synthetic Cicely Pubchem Sweet cicely, myrh, myrrhis odorata, sweet chervil Leaves used as herb, eaten raw or cooked, aroma similar to anise. Roots & seeds are edible. Ref Myrrhis odorata plant Cinnamon Pubchem Canel, canella, cassia Used as a spice, condiment and flavoring agent in chocolate, savory dishes, cereals, bread dishes, toasts, fruits and various ethnic soups, drinks, alcohol flavorant and sweets Bark of genus cinnamomum Citranaxanthin Pubchem E161i Deep violet crystals added to animal feed to add yellow color to chicken fat and egg yolks Synthesized Citric acid Pubchem E330, sour salt Flavoring and preserving agent in drinks and candies, emulsifying agent in ice-cream, in caramel to prevent crystallization, substitute for lemon juice, alternative to vinegar Synthesized, found in vegetables and citrus fruits Cloves Pubchem E330, sour salt Used in Asian, African, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines to flavor meats, curries, marinades and fruits. Aroma used in hot beverages and teas and alongside other spices Flower buds of a tree Syzygium aromaticum Cochineal Pubchem E120, Carmine, Natural red 4, NR4 Deep red color additive in yogurt, candy and juice Ref Aluminum salt of carminic acid, isolated from insects Dactylopius coccus Coconut Oil Pubchem Copra oil Used in baked goods, pastries, saute, popping popcorn, non-dairy creamers and snack food Derived from coconut palm tree Sage Pubchem Garden sage, common sage, culinary sage Herb used for savory flavor used in European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines Derived from the salvia officinalis plant Coriander Pubchem Chinese parsley, cilantro Edible plant, leaves used fresh in ethnic cuisines such as salsa, guacamole, garnish, soups, meat dishes. Seeds are dried and used as citrus spice, pickling, sausages, alternative to caraway, spice powders, brewing beer Root used in curries and soups with more intense flavor Coriandrum sativum herb Corn oil Pubchem Maize oil High smoke point oil used for frying, cooking and key ingredient in margarine Expeller-pressed from corn Corn syrup Pubchem Glucose syrup Thickener, sweetener and maintaining freshness in foods, pancake syrup(substitute for maple syrup), production of high fructose corn syrup Food syrup made from starch of corn Cottonseed oil Pubchem Industrial oil used in salads, mayonnaise, dressings, potato chips, frying, snacks, shortenings and condiments Oil extracted from seeds of cotton plant Crocetin Pubchem Water soluble carotenoid that serves as coloring agent Apocarotenoid found in jasmine fruit, saffron and crocus flower Crocin Pubchem Water soluble carotenoid that serves as coloring agent Carotenoid found in crocus, gardenia and saffron Sodium carboxymethylcellulose Pubchem E466, E469(hydrolyzed), Cellulose gum, CMC Thickener and stabilizer used to make ice creams without churning or low temperatures, reduced fat products, baked goods, emulsifier in chewing gum, peanut butter & margarines Derivative of cellulose, organic compound found in plant cells Cryptoxanthin Pubchem E161c Red crystalline carotenoid converted to Vitamin A in body, antioxidant, coloring agent. Not approved for use in European Union & United States Isolated from orange rind, egg yolk, butter, apples, blood serum of bovine and papaya Cumin Pubchem Aromatic and flavorful spice used in many cuisines, cheeses, chili powders, spice blends, stews, soups, gravies, pickles and pastry Cuminum cyminum plant Cupric sulfate Pubchem E519, blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper Used to create Bordeaux mixture, suspension of copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide, to inhibit fungal growth on grape vines, melons and berries Synthetic Curcumin Pubchem E100 Yellow-orange coloring in food, turmeric flavored beverages Curcuma longa plant Curry Powder Pubchem Garam masala Spice blend originating from the Indian subcontinent usually containing coriander, turmeric, cumin, fenugreek, chili, ginger, garlic, fennel, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, curry leaf, black pepper and so on Several herbs and spices Curry leaf Pubchem Sweet neem, karuveppilai, curry vepillai, kari bevu Fresh leaves used as seasoning in South Asian and Cambodian cuisines, scented soups and flavorful stews Leaf of murraya koenigii tree Cyanocobalamin Pubchem Vitamin B12 Manufactured red crystalline powdered form of vitamin B12 that is converted to B12 inside the body Produced by bacterial fermentation Cyclamates Pubchem E952(iv), Sodium or calcium salts of cyclamic acid(E952) 30-50 times sweeter than table sugar, artificial sweetener Banned in USA and South Korea. Used in European Union and 130 countries Synthetic Cymbopogon Lemongrass, silky heads, cochin grass, oily heads, barbed wire grass Flavoring agent in some ethnic dishes Cymbopogon citratus plant
