Name Other Names Purpose Sourced From Palm Oil Pubchem Fat & butter substitute, dough making, baking, cooking Milled, refined and fractionated from palm fruit Panch phoran "Five spices" Spice blend containing fenugreek seeds, nigella seeds, cumin seeds, black mustard seeds and fennel seeds. Used with vegetable and meat dishes and pickling Various spices grown lobally Pandan leaf Pandan Aromatic leaves used to enhance ethnic rice dishes, puddings, baked goods, savory meat dishes, cakes, sweet beverages, and extracts Obtained from Pandanus amaryllifolius plant, found in tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5 Fortification of cereals, infant formulas, energy bars, dried foods and supplements, Found in shiitake mushrooms, organ meats, egg yolks and seeds Papain Pubchem Papaya proteinase I Breaks down meat fibres in food and serves as a meat tenderisers in powdered mixes Potease present in papaya and mountain papaya Paprika Pubchem Paprika, papar, paparka Spice used in dishes globally, seasoning and coloring agent in rice, stew, meats, soups, sausages, garnishing, broths and condiments Spice made from dried fruits of the plant varieites of Capsicum annuum family Paraffins E905, Paraffin wax, petroleum wax Food grade, indigestible, wax used to make candies shineier, coating hard cheese, sealing jars, cans & bottles, chewing gums Synthetic, derived from petroleum, coal or oil Parsley Garden parsley, flat leaf parsley, root parsley, curly leaf parsley Used in varous cusines as garnish, rice dishes, savory meat dishes, stews, sauces, soups, salads, and breads Native to the Mediterranean, cultivated globally Patent blue Pubchem E131, Food Blue 5, Sulphan Blue Uncommonly used to give jellies, desserts and various foods blue color. Banned in USA & Australia Synthetic Peanut Oil Pubchem Unrefined peanut oil smoke point of 320F(160C) & refined peanut oil smoke point of 450F(232C), used as frying oil and various cuisines Extracted from peanuts Pecan Oil High smoke point of 470F, deep frying foods, nutty flavor adds to salad dressings & dips, substitute for butter in cooking, Extracted from pecans after light roasting Pectin "congealed", "curdled" Vegan gelling agent, thickener and stabilizer, added to jams, marmalades, protein shakes, drinking yogurts, fruit juices, suspending agent and used in amounts similar to fruits (0.5-1.0%) Found in apples, apricots, cherries, carrots, citrus peels, guavas, pears, rose hips and berries Perilla Nutty aroma and taste, used in flavoring, sauces and dips, flavor enhancer, condiment, for cooking, used in Korean cuisines Cold pressed from toasted seeds of perilla plant Phosphated distarch phosphate E1413 Modified resistant starch, 70% fiber, freeze-thaw-stable thickener, used in soups, sauces, frozen gravy and fillings Synthesized using phosphorylating agent and phosphoric acid reaction Phosphoric acid E338, OrthoPhosphoric acid Acidifying foods and drinks, jams, adds tangy and sour taste Synthesized by refining phosphate ore and further distillation and oxidation Phytic acid E391, inositol polyphosphate, IP6 Used as a preservative Found in the hull of seeds, nuts, grains and pulses, Pigment Rubine Litthol Rubine BK Coloring agent, insoluble in water & ethanol, used to color cheese rinds Synthetic azo dye Pimaricin E235, natamycin Inhibits fungal growth in dairy & foods, neutral flavor impact, less dependent on pH, can be brined, used in cheeses, sour cream, yogurt, shredded cheeses, sliced cheeses and salami, used in very trace amounts and works by compromising fungal cell membrane Metabolite produced by bacterial species Pine seed oil Pine nut oil, cedar nut oil Low smoke point, adds nutty flavor, bread preservative Extracted from pine nuts Pistachio Oil Aromatic oil used to add flavor to savory dishes and vegetables Pressed and extracted from the fruit of pistachio nut Prune kernel oil Bitter almond flavor used in gourmet cooking Pressed and extracted from seeds of prune plums Poly vinyl pyrrolidone E1201, PVP, Povidone, polyvidone Soluble in water & alcohol, fining agent for wine and beers to improve traits of the product, thickening agent in tooth whitening gels Synthetic Polydextrose E1200 Lightly sweet, replacement for sugar, starch and fat in drinks, cakes, desserts, cereals, puddings, dressings and low-carb products and cooking, thickening agent, prebiotic, used in low doses due to intestinal tolerance being low Synthetic polymer of glucose Polyethylene glycol E1521, polyethylene oxide, PEO Anti-foaming agent in food and drinks Synthetic, produced by reacting ethylene oxide with water Polyglycerol polyricinoleate E476, PGPR Viscosity reducing agent, in chocolattes, salad dressings, spreads, and improving texture of baked goods, soluble in fats and oils, insoluble in water and alcohol Extracted from castor beans or soybean Polymethylsiloxane E900, PDMS, dimethicone Anti-foaming agent added to cooking oils to prevent splatter during cooking, found in french fries, hash browns, milk shakes & smoothies Synthetic Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate E430 Used in sauces and condiments as an emusifier Synthetic, produced from ethylene oxide and stearic acid Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate E431 Used in baked goods and puddings as an emulsifier Synthetic, produced from ethylene oxide and stearic acid Polysorbate 20 E432, Tween 20, Scattics, Montanox 20 Wetting and emulsifying agent used in drinks, mouth drops and ice-cream Synthetic Polysorbate 40 E434, Tween 40 Emulsiyfing agent used in baked goods Synthetic Polysorbate 60 E435, Tween 60 Emulsifying agent used in baked goods, smoothing ice-cream and increasing its resistance to melting, prevents milk proteins from coating fat droplets Synthetic Polysorbate 65 E436, Tween 65 Emulsifying agent used in baked goods, smoothing ice-cream and increasing its resistance to melting, prevents milk proteins from coating fat droplets Synthetic Polysorbate 80 E433, Tween 80 Emulsifying agent used in baked goods, smoothing ice-cream and increasing its resistance to melting, prevents milk proteins from coating fat droplets Synthetic Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone E1202, PVPP, crospolividone Stabilizer, insoluble in water, extraction of impurities in winemaking, removing polyphenols in beers, excipient in drugs Synthetic polymer Pomegranate seeds Drink made from seeds, creating grenadine syrup, making sauces for savory foods, spice in Indian & Pakistani foods, dried seeds used in salads, yogurts, ice-creams & toppings, salad dressings, desserts, kebabs, liqueurs, jam spreads Obtained from fruit Punica granatum, grown in dy regions Ponceau 4R E124, Chochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 3R, New Coccine Red dye used in many foods and beverages Banned in USA. Permitted in Europe, Asia & Australia Synthetic red azo dye Ponceau 6R E126, Crystal Scarlet, Acid Red 44 Red dye used in various foods and beverages, soluble in water Synthetic red azo dye Ponceau SX E125, Scarlet GN Red dye used in many foods and beverages Banned in USA & EU Synthetic red azo dye Poppy seed Poppyseed oil, poppyseed paste Seeds used to make muffins, rusk, bagels, and cakes, added to hamburger buns, candy bars, thickener in foods, paste used to make flavored fillings, the oil used for various culinary foods Various types grown globally Potassium acetates E261, Potassium salt of acetic acid Preservative and acidity regulator in various food products Synthesized by bacterial fermentation of sugars, alcohol, and molasses, present in fruits Potassium adipate E357, potassium hexandioate Acidity regulator used in low-sodium products Potassium salt of adipic acid, present in beets and sugar cane juice Potassium alignate E400, Algin Hydrating dehydrated products such as slimming aids, thickener for drinks, ice-cream, and jellies Refined from brown seaweeds Potassium aluminium silicate E555, Microcline Anti-caking agent in f Obtained from mining Potassium ascorbate E303 Fortifying foods with vitamin C, anti-oxidant, preservative Not permitted in UK & USA. Approved in Australia & New Zealand. Potassium salt of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) & ascorbate(mineral) Potassium benzoate E303 Inhibits growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, used in sparkling drinks, soft drinks pickles and frogurts Derived from benzoic acid and esters found in most fruits, especially berries, mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves, and dairy Potassium bicarbonate E501(ii), potassium hydrogen carbonate Acidity regulator, buffering agent in winemaking, improving taste in club soda and reduce effervescence Synthesized from potassium chloride, a mineral salt Potassium bisulphite E228, potassium hydrogen sulfite Sterilizing agent in alcohol production, non-stable white powder, preservative Mixture of salts to produce potassium and bisulfite ions Potassium bromate E924 White powder, strong oxidizing agent, improves the strength of dough to increase rising, production of malt barley Banned in EU, Argentina, Brazil, Canada & many countries, Permitted in USA. Prop 65 in California, USA. Synthetic Potassium carbonate E501(i) Production of grass jelly, Chinese hand-pulled noodles, mone cake, tenderizing tripe, German gingerbread, baking agent, alkalizing cocoa powder to produced Dutch-processed chocolate, buffering agent in mead & wine White salt produced synthetically found in potash, pearl ash and salts of tartar Potassium chloride E508, potassium salt, KCl Added to enhance the flavor of low sodium salts, usually more bitter, potassium fortification in foods Small amounts found in sea salt and rock salt Potassium citrate E332(ii), tripotassium citrate White crystalline powder, salty taste, buffering agent in soft drinks, nutrient for yeasts in fermented products Potassium salt of citric acid, found in cells of living organisms, fruits and commercially made by bacterial fermentation Potassium ferrocyanide E536, potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II) Anti-caking agent used to remove copper(used as a fungicide on grapes) from red wine, salt substitutes Synthetic Potassium fumarate E366 Acidity regulator, fortifying foods with potassium Synthetic Potassium gluconate E577 Fortifying foods with potassium, yeast food, acidity regulator Potassium salt of gluconic acid, found in fruits, honey & wine Potassium hydrogen sulphite E228, potassium bisulfite Sterilizing agent in alcohol production, non-stable white powder, preservative Mixture of salts to produce potassium and bisulfite ions Potassium hydroxide E525, caustic potash Thickening agent, acidity regulator & stabilizer, improve the peeling of fruits and olives Synthesized by combining potassium carbonate and calcium hydroxide Potassium lactate E326 Preservative used to extend the shelf life of meat and poultry due to the anti-microbial effect Potassium salt of lactic acid(found in milk and body), synthesized by bacterial fermentation Potassium malate E351 Acidity regulator in canned foods, sauces, drinks, sauces & various products, antioxidant & flavoring agent Synthesized, salt found in plants Potassium metabisulpite E224, potassium ppyrosulfite Common wine additive that acts as an antioxidant that protects flavor & color, inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi in beer, bleaching agent in coconut cream, pickle & lemon juice preservative Synthesized, potassium salt of sulphurous acid Potassium nitrate E252, saltpeter, nitrate of potash Reacts with hemoglobin in processed meats such as salami, ham, dried meats, bacon, sausage & corned beef to give it a pink color, thickening agent in soups & stews, a softening agent in beans and meats Synthesized by combining ammonium nitrate with potassium hydroxide, found in vegetables and niter mineral Potassium nitrite E249, INS 249 Anti-bacterial preservative used in meat products Synthesized by reduction of potassium nitrate Potassium phosphates E340(i) Monopotassium dihydrogen phosphate E340(ii) Dipotassium monohydrogen phosphate E340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate Acidity regulator & metal-binding agents, an anti-clumping agent in powders Synthesized by reduction of potassium nitrate Potassium propionate E283, potassium propanoate Preservative & anti-fungal agent, used in baked goods Synthesized from propionic acid, produced by bacterial fermentation in cheese production & large intestines Potassium sodium tartrate E337, Rochelle salt, Seignette salt Adds a salty and cooling taste to foods, acidity regulator and antioxidant, stabilizer Crystalline acid deposit inside wine barrels Potassium sorbate E202, Sorbistat potassium Preservative that inhibits growth of mold and yeast in cheese, wine, dried meats, dried fruits, drinks & baked goods, fast foods, stabilizes wine by stopping yeast growth & improving clarity Present in berries, produced synthetically from sorbic acid Potassium sulphate E515(i), arcanite, potash of sulphur, SOP Used to treat water in brewing beer Synthesized, found as a mineral Potassium sulphite E225 Food preservative by forming sulfurous acid in acidic conditions, bleaching agent in sugar production, Synthesized by thermal decomposition of potassium metabisulphite (E224) Potassium tartrate E336, dipotassium tartrate, argol Food preservative by forming sulfurous acid in acidic conditions, bleaching agent in sugar production, Synthetic Primrose Primula vulgaris, English primrose Edible leaves and flowers, mild to bitter flavored leaves, making soups, teas, and wine Plant native to southern Europe, northwest Africa & Southwest Asia Processed Eucheuma seaweed E407a, Gusô Emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener & carrier Native to Equator regions, especially Southeast Asia, Africa & Indo-Pacific Propane-1,2-diol alignate E405, Hydroxypropyl alignate Thickening agent used in ice-cream, desserts and confectionery Derived from kelp Propionic acid E280, ethanecarboxylic acid Anti-fungal preservative sometimes used in baked goods to inhibit bacterial spoilage Found in fermented foods, degradation of sugar Propyl gallate E310 Antioxidant that protects oils and fats against hydrogen peroxide, rancidity and free radical oxidation, restricted use allowed in foods Synthesized from propanol and gallic acid, found in plants Propyl glycol E1520, propane-1,2-diol Viscous & colorless liquid used in coffee-drinks, liquid sweeteners, ice-cream, dairy & soda, used in alcohol sanitizers to prevent skin drying, dissolves colors and flavors while acting as a preservative Synthetic, produced from propylene oxide or a byproduct of biodiesel manufacturing Propyl glycol alignate E405, Hydroxypropyl alignate Thickening agent used in ice-cream, desserts and confectionery Derived from kelp Propylparaben E216, Nipasol, Solbrol P Used as a preservative against yeasts and fungi in low concentration Synthesized, present in plants and some insects Pumpkin seed Nutty tasting oil used as salad dressing, desserts, pumpkin soups and various ethnic dishes Solvent extracted from pumpkin seeds Pulegone Flavoring agent FDA doesn’t allow the use as flavoring agent but naturally occurring can be used. Organic compound found in plant oils Purslane Several plants with edible leaves of different plant families Nutty tasting oil used as salad dressing, desserts, pumpkin soups and various ethnic dishes Families of plants found globally Pyridoxine hydrochloride Vitamin B6 Vitamin required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, fortification of foods Found in fruits, vegetables, and grains
